Questions On E Commerce Trends - 2354 Words

E-Commerce Trend: Three signs you have outgrown your accounting system Growth and expansion is an exciting part of any business venture, but having the wrong tools, software, or systems can cause headaches. Updating your accounting system from low-end software to a fully integrated system is essential to removing those headaches. It is more than just a luxury for your growing business: it is a fundamental tool that will save you time and money, while reducing frustration. How do you know when it is time? New growth means knowing when to trade in your small business accounting system for a fully integrated system that encompasses and integrates all aspects of your business. While your current software may have served you well at the outset,†¦show more content†¦If you are entering data more than twice into multiple systems, you are wasting time. A new comprehensive software system will allow you to enter all that data in one place, and allow you to view data from all other mo dules; drastically eliminating wasted time spent digging through multiple solutions to find the answers you need. A single system is necessary to save you that time and money. The issues to consider include: Managing GL on the backend, while managing sales orders and inventory systems for every single order processed High probability that data entry mistakes will be made Excess time will be spent managing multiple systems Closing up the books The third sign, revealing your need for an integrated system, involves the time required to close your books at the end of each period. With a low-end accounting system, the following issues arise: From a user s perspective, it could take several weeks to close everything and ensure the report is balanced. Gathering data from a variety of sources and applications adds delays and introduces potential errors into the data. Getting an overall picture is onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Advantages of Mobile Commerce Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is M -commerce? The last decade has witnessed a lot of growth of mobile communication devices and wireless technologies across the globe. This has led to a change in the way many activities are conducted and opened the way for m-commerce, which is e-commerces next evolutionary stage. The significant power of m-commerce is primarily as a result of the ability to connect wireless devices anytime, anywhere (The Future of Mobile Payment Systems : Rise of the Mobile Wallet 2012-2017 [ElectronicRead MoreHow Has E Commerce Changed The Way The World Operates?1407 Words   |  6 PagesStrickler WRTC 100 Research Paper December 2, 2015 How has E-Commerce changed the way the world operates? Electronic commerce (E-Commerce) is a term for the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Today, people frequently buy or exchange goods and services internationally; the barrier between countries has been removed. It is true that E-commerce makes people’s lives more convenient; however, it has alsoRead MoreDespite Selling Hundreds Of Products On Amazon Or Any Other1304 Words   |  6 Pagesany other e-commerce platform, I still have a new question during every transaction. You can never have it all figured out. There is endless competition, a variety of customers with high expectations and multiple procedures to follow. With infinite factors dictating your listing, how do you come up with a unique e-commerce niche, deliver products on time and generate profit? Here are 8 strategies that personally helped me grow my e-commerce business: 1.Identify the need for an e-commerce businessRead MoreThe Affect of the Internet on Jordans Economy1714 Words   |  7 Pagesevent in the history of information and communications technology (Chircu et al, 2000). The internet has already fundamentally changed the way many organizations think about and perform their work. The last few years have shown us the revolution of e-commerce in all over the world; so many organizations take this opportunity in our dynamic environment and adapt themselves in order to take the benefits of this new business model. To improve profits and achieve strategic sustainability in a rapidly changingRead MoreAssessing The 5 Pillars Of Seo Into Actionable Strategies1385 Words   |  6 Pagesof how to take marketing ideas and produce profitable and successful conversions while increasing online visibility. After all, SEO has many parallels with other marketing strategies you are probably already employing. Many are based in market trends, best practices and industry research. Creating SEO campaigns and initiating them can be a surprisingly difficult implementation. Yes, you need to do keyword research, and create compelling content while appealing to your demographic. Not to mentionRead MoreThe Impact of Culture on Consumer Behavior1788 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumption trends. The consumer market trends are chaining in emerging markets. China and Middle East are one of the major emerging markets where the residents have extensive buying power and income on their disposal. Large organizations are following growth trends in these markets and it is also a significant development. The consumers of United Arab Emirate and United Kingdom are compared in terms of general cultural differences, impact of cultures on consumption and buying trends. FurthermoreRead MoreSecurity and Payment Issues Faced by e-commerce Business in the Hospitality Industry978 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations and cyber-attacks to e-commerce systems especially in the hospitality industry. â€Å"In 2011, Trustwave SpiderLabs conducted 42 percent more data breach investigations than in the previous year. More than 85 percent of these data breaches occurred in the food and beverage, retail and hospitality industries.† (Savitz Percoco, 2012). It seems logical that any business would understand that building a secure business is important to long term success. (Vacca, 2012). E-commerce as a catalyst has ledRead MoreThe Five Pillars Of Seo1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important pillar as it impacts all aspects of SEO. After all, SEO has many parallels with other marketing strategies you probably already employ, such as content marketing, social media, or PR. Many of these strategies are based on market trends, best practices, and industry research. Creating SEO campaigns and implementing them can be surprisingly difficult. You need to do keyword research, craft compelling content that appeals to your audience, and build a diversified backlink portfolioRead MoreCase Study : A Customer Centric Company Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesA Customer-Centric Company Amazon.com Incorporated is company whose retail business is done exclusively online, formally known as electronic commerce or e-commerce. It was the book category that first caught the attention of founder Jeff Bezos, who realized that a Web store could offer more book inventory than an actual shop could offer (Cuneo, 2000). The idea was born and Amazon, a customer-centric company was created. Customer-centric is an approach that allows businesses to drive profitsRead MoreQuestions on Operations Management1661 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribed, along with operations decisions that are made. The differences between manufacturing and services are described. The history and current trends of operations management are discussed, including the impact of information systems. Finally, the interaction between operations and other business functions are described. Answers to Discussion Questions in Textbook 1. Define the term operations management. Operations management manages the resources needed to produce the company’s products

Great Gatsby Essay - 870 Words

The novel The Great Gatsby is a story that takes place in the 1920’s. The story tells about Nick Carraway moving to New York and the actions that take place during his time in New York. The two main characters of the story are Nick Carraway who moved to New York and the other main character is Jay Gatsby who is Nicks new neboir and a very rich man who always has parties. The main conflict in the story is Gatsby’s long lost love who is Nick’s cousin, Daisy, reunite and her husband finds out about the affair . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The story starts out with Nick moving to New York and then going to dinner at his Cousins he meets Jordan Baker who he begins a relationship with. At the dinner party they make planes to go to Tom’s,†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nick and Jordan leave with Tom and latter found out about Gatsby and Daisy driving their car into and killing Myrtle, Gastby’s adulteress. The Driver was Daisy but Gatsby took the blame. Tom told Myrtle’s husband George and George though Gatsby was having an affair with his wife so he shoots and kills Gatsby in his pool. Then George kills himself. Nick has a small funeral for Gatsby then moves back to the Midwest. From this whole experience he comes to the conclusion that Gatsby dream represents the American dream and is at an end. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nick and Gatsby are similar characters but Gatsby has more money and is less happy then Nick who is poor but happier. They do many things the same with similar personalities but Nick has learned to accept what life gives him and Gatsby did not accept it and would cheat lie and kill to get what he wants. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nick and Gatsby have similar traits they show throughout the novel. In the beginning of the book one learns that they both travel long distances for the time period. Gatsby lived in Louisville and moves to New York and Nick moves from Minnesota to New York. They both have the personality trait of loneliness they show by the need of a relationship and they live alone. Kindness is another trait they both show in the story at different places they put other people in front of them. Such asShow MoreRelated Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Together they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himself, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreThe Great Gatsby806 Words   |  3 Pagesthey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money...and let other people clean up the mess they had made... (P. 179). During the 20s, many peoples American dream was to go out, party and be free, the roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an explanation of how people acted. People went to parties, lived in luxurious homes, criticized each other, and wanted to achieve their dream by trying to live it. The Wilson marriage is a failure because its one-sidedRead MoreGreat Gatsby5612 Words   |  23 PagesThe Great Gatsby – Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Why is Nick Carraway made the narrator? The device of giving Nick the function of narrator lends psychic distance from the story. Nick is part of the action, yet he is not one of the principals. He shares some of the emotions and is in a position to interpret those of the others. However, the happens are not center on him. 2. What kind of relationship exists between Nick and the Buchanans? It is completely superficial. He speaks of themRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby 1526 Words   |  7 Pagesperson, no matter what his or her origins, could succeed in life on the sole basis of his or her own skill and effort. The Great Gatsby is a novel about what happened to the American dream in the 1920s, a period when the old values that gave substance to the dream had been corrupted by the vulgar pursuit of wealth. What Fitzgerald seems to be criticizing in The Great Gatsby is not the American Dream itself but the corruption of the American Dream. What was once--for Ben Franklin, for example, orRead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 Pagessale of alcohol. The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920s. Prohibition was passed to eradicate the demand for liquor but had the inadvertent effect to raise the crime rates in American. RobertRead MoreFeminism In The Great Gatsby1643 Words   |  7 PagesSocietal conventions of the time era, however, reinforce patriarchal ideologies and traditional values, as women were expected to marry and be subservient to their husbands. This is perpetuated in works of literature of the time era, notably The Great Gatsby, published by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Feminist literary theory helps expose the misogynist undertones of the novel by examining the power relationship between men and women. The novel suggests that women are powerless and objectified in theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Analysis709 Words   |  3 Pagesabsurdity. Looking back at the decade, some may see it as a negative and a beginning of unlawfulness that created our current era. On the other hand, others may see this time period as expressive and free spirited. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby to display the creative side of the decade. He was able to describe what the 1920s were about by describing the distinct life of a man who lived through the decade and his crazy life story. Several characters involved in the story were bold andRead MoreColors in The Great Gatsby758 Words   |  3 Pages Colors are very apparent in The Great Gatsby. They often show up as descriptions to many important items throughout the book, and make those items resemble symbols. The color white confuses the reader, and often causes him/her to rethink their logic. It describes false purity and deception within something, which is very apparent in the character Daisy in this novel. The color grey gives the reader a comparison, and that is of humans to machines. Something that is lifeless is described as grey.Read MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1404 Words   |  6 Pagesnouveaux riches often clashed with the established wealth, as evident throughout F. Scott Fitzgeraldâ€℠¢s The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald’s narrator, Nick Carraway, suddenly finds himself submerged in the paper-thin morals, and shallow values of upper-class New York after migrating from the Western interior. Throughout the novel, Nick is highly cynical of American society. Thus, The Great Gatsby is Fitzgerald’s means of criticizing the worsening family structure of American society, the newfound materialisticRead MoreThe Great Gatsby635 Words   |  3 PagesThe one thing that Gatsby really wanted to show to Daisy was the mansion and the valuable belongings he owned. The reason he was so focused on making it sure it happened, could be for various reasons. When Daisy left Gatsby to marry Tom, Gatsby was heartbroken. The reason was not because she didnt love Gatsby, it was simply due to the fact that Gatsby didn’t have enough wealth back then compared to Tom. Daisy came from a not so wealthy family and having wealth played an important part in her life

Social Origins of Educational Systems

Question: Prepare a table of the three main theories of education and then write an explanation about the table and how your theory relates to the example. Answer: Table Theory theorist Description of the theory Example from Salvage Inequalities Curriculum theory John Kerr first developed the idea of curriculum theory. The idea of curriculum theory was alter used by Vic Kelly in his works. The curriculum theory mainly deals with evaluating and shaping the educational curriculum. The main aim of curriculum theory is to identify the most important unit of curriculum that helps to build the concept of the educational system. Kozol tried to bring interest among the students by imparting them lesson in the form of poems. Instructional theory Charles M. Reigeluth who was a famous American educational theorist, a reformer and a researcher first proposed the instructional theory (Reigeluth, 2013). Instructional theory helps by providing guidance to develop and help a person learn in a better manner (Entwistle, 2013). Three other theories that are, the cognitive theory, and the behaviorist theory and constructivist school of thought influence the instructional theory. As it has been mentioned in salvage inequalities that the children used to go to school in a very unhealthy manner. The furniture was old. Moreover, 40 students were able to sit and study while the remaining 45 had to stand at the back of the class. Many students did not receive textbook. Feminist educational theory or feminist pedagogy Feminist pedagogy developed in the year 1977 when the theory of gender differences in art and education was presented as an issues in studies of art education. Georgia Collins was the one who first presented her ideas regarding feminist pedagogy. Feminist pedagogy is the framework that is built on the base of feminist theory. Feminist pedagogy has a set of teaching strategies, the classroom practices and the relationship between a teacher and a student. It is rather connected learning which keeps the women studies as a centre of learning. The poor health of the infants, which increased the death rate among infants, gives a clear indication about the inequalities between the female and the male. The mothers are not given proper medication and food so that they can give birth to healthy babies. Explanation The instructional theory deals with the development of a person and the ways that can be incorporated in the learning process that will develop a child. The curriculum theory deals with the curriculum and identifying the factors that will help a child to develop. The feminist pedagogy deals with the educational strategies that mainly focus on the development of the women in the society. In Kozols book it has been seen that the students have to study in very poor conditions. The instructional theory relates to the poor conditions in which the students study. Thus, the schools violate the instructional theory. Kozol takes the help of poems to make the curriculum more interesting and the students find the lesson more interesting even in the poor conditions (Kozol, 2012). Though, the feminist pedagogy does not directly related to Kozols book, yet gives a hint to the inequalities that is carried out on the basis of race and complexion (Archer, 2013). Moreover, it demands better health con ditions for the others so that the infants are able to lead a better life. References Archer, M. S. (2013).Social origins of educational systems. Routledge. Entwistle, N. J. (2013).Styles of learning and teaching: An integrated outline of educational psychology for students, teachers and lecturers. Routledge. Kozol, J. (2012).Savage inequalities: Children in America's schools. Broadway Books. Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.). (2013).Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory(Vol. 2). Routledge.

Lottery By Shirley Jackson Essays (876 words) - Gender Studies

Lottery By Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" portrays a small town in which the citizens gather for a yearly lottery. Unlike the "typical" lottery, this is not one you would want to win. Throughout "The Lottery," Jackson focuses on families from the village in order to demonstrate the role of separation of genders. Gender is defined as the sexual identity of a person, especially in relation to society or culture. Gender divisions exist within the community in "The Lottery" and issues of gender help to explain the characters action and thoughts. During the lottery, everyone is equal and the society is genderless. Although the men draw as the head of the household, the women partake in the final rounds and the stoning of the victim. This is evident when "Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands"(200). This shows that even though women did not normally participate in town events, the lottery was an exception to the rule. Young girls were also equal to young boys during this event. Both the girls and the boys stoned the victim along with the rest of the community, regardless of gender. This suggests that the lottery serves as a great equalizer abolishing all forms of separation of gender. Despite this equality during the lottery, gender does drive this story. Division of labor is evidence that a separation of gender exists. Due to the fact that Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves are men in the village, they are given the opportunity to administer the lotter. By having this chance, they gain the ability to prove to the people in the community that men are the holders of the highest positions. In his making of the list, Mr. Summers imposes his power upon the community, by determining who will draw from the box first. Gender plays a role in the purpose of the lottery. The lottery is set up to show women that by producing more children, they will lessen their chances of being chosen. This is due to the fact that in larger families, the chance of one person being chosen is reduced significantly with each additional member of teh family. The opposite is true for small families. Because women are the producers of children, they are the main target of the lottery. They are encouraged to produce more children, thereby taking upon even more responsibilities as a housewife. The social status of women in this society shows that division of gender exists. Contrary to the superiority of men, women were disenfranchised in this village. The role of women in this society is that they are to be at home with their children while their husbands work. Jackson portrays women as "wearing faded house dresses and sweaters...standing by their husbands"(195). This shows their lack of power and low placement in society. Bill Hutchinson proves his authority over his wife when he "forced the slip of paper out of his wife's hand" in order to determine who in his family would be the victim(200). They were thought of as housewives and were not given the privilege of representing their family under most circumstances. This, of course, puts women at a disadvantage. Another disadvantage for the women is that when they marry, they must draw with their husband's famliy in the lottery. Since the men are to chose the slip, the women have no say in their own fate and must accept the responsibility if their family is chosen. Only if her family is chosen, is she allowed to pick a slip, determining if she will be stoned to death. This is evident when Mr. Summers asks Mrs. Dunbar who will be drawing for her husband due to his absence in the lottery. She replies "Me, I guess". Mr. Summers answers with astonishment, "wife draws for husband, don't you have a grown boy to do it for you"(196-7). The same is true of Mrs. Hutchinson who leaves her housework in order to attend the lottery. Mrs. Hutchinson, forgetting what day it was, "dried her hands on her apron" and hurried to be with the rest of the people from the village(196). Before attending the lottery, she is required to finish the housework. She says to her husband, "wouldn't have me leave m'dishes in the sink, now would you Joe?"(196). This shows that although the even of the lottery is classless, it is evident that women were inferior to men. It is evident that gender division exists due to the difference in expectations of young grils

Free Essays on Greek Legacies

used today in the English language originated from Greek. Greek legacies are their governmental systems, culture and arts, and science and technology. Classical Greece was a time where the growth of a community held strong through times of plague, wars, and numerous breakthroughs. A major legacy left by classical Greece was a government based on direct democracy. With a direct democracy, citizens ruled by majority vote. The citizenship was expanded to all free males, except foreigners. Those not considered citizens were women, slaves, and all foreigners. In 621 b.c.e., Draco, an Athenian lawmaker, wrote the first legal code. In the legal code, Draco dealt with contract and property ownership. It also included debt slavery. In classical Greece, citizens were also allowed to bring charges of wrong doing with a trial by jury. Direct democracy was a new innovation that not only changed the world, but also helped classical Greece become a great and powerful nation. Another legacy left by Greece was their culture and art. With their culture, they created the Greek language. The Greeks also invented their mythology, which included gods and goddesses. Through myths, Greeks tried to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. Gods lived forever, and Greeks attributed human qualities to them. The Olympic Games were originated in Greece around 776 b.c.e. They were dedicated to the god Zeus. The Greeks even suspended the wars between city-states so the athletes of the Olympics could compete. Philosophers, lovers of wisdom, were determined to seek the truth. There philosophy was based on two assumptions: that the universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws, and that people can understand these laws through logic and reason. The three main philosophers of classical Greece are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had many followers due... Free Essays on Greek Legacies Free Essays on Greek Legacies Many of the words used today in the English language originated from Greek. Greek legacies are their governmental systems, culture and arts, and science and technology. Classical Greece was a time where the growth of a community held strong through times of plague, wars, and numerous breakthroughs. A major legacy left by classical Greece was a government based on direct democracy. With a direct democracy, citizens ruled by majority vote. The citizenship was expanded to all free males, except foreigners. Those not considered citizens were women, slaves, and all foreigners. In 621 b.c.e., Draco, an Athenian lawmaker, wrote the first legal code. In the legal code, Draco dealt with contract and property ownership. It also included debt slavery. In classical Greece, citizens were also allowed to bring charges of wrong doing with a trial by jury. Direct democracy was a new innovation that not only changed the world, but also helped classical Greece become a great and powerful nation. Another legacy left by Greece was their culture and art. With their culture, they created the Greek language. The Greeks also invented their mythology, which included gods and goddesses. Through myths, Greeks tried to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passion. Gods lived forever, and Greeks attributed human qualities to them. The Olympic Games were originated in Greece around 776 b.c.e. They were dedicated to the god Zeus. The Greeks even suspended the wars between city-states so the athletes of the Olympics could compete. Philosophers, lovers of wisdom, were determined to seek the truth. There philosophy was based on two assumptions: that the universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws, and that people can understand these laws through logic and reason. The three main philosophers of classical Greece are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had many followers due...

Cheating Behavior and Students Morality

Cheating Behavior and Students Morality Cheating is a widespread, increasing in its prevalence, and perhaps the most unpleasant aspects of teaching and learning. The result of the study in higher education suggests that cheating only occurs if there is an opportunity to cheat and it is possible for teachers to eliminate cheating without creating a scandal. Hashtag: #YgsKopyaSkandal? (YGS Cheating Scandal) Cheating Behavior and Students’ Morality Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning suggests that motivation for learning change from childhood to adulthood thus those with higher levels of moral reason cheat less. However, study shows that students level of moral reasoning were not associated with cheating. In fact, students with low-level moral reasoning tend to obey school authority thus normally do not cheat while older students with higher levels of moral reasoning often rationalize cheating as situational demands. LEARNING MORAL VALUES IN COLLEGE MOVIES Results of studies on cheating behavior suggest that external factors have a greater influence on older students cheating behavior than internal factors or perception of right and wrong. Moreover, although many college students do perceive cheating as wrong, most of them believed that such act is a normal  part of life and plainly accept cheating a part of their college experience. However, close monitoring tends to thwart cheating in older students with more mature reasoning. Similarly, smaller class size appears to discourage cheating while students with clear knowledge of what constitute cheating usually are not involved in such immoral act. For instance, study shows that students who willingly provided test answers to peers are mostly unaware that it was cheating. Environmental factors such as teacher intervention can greatly reduce the occurrence of cheating and avoid dramatic cheating scandal similar to #YgsKopyaSkandal? For instance, large universities tend to respond to student cheating by instigating scandalous actions rather than protecting the interest of parents and students and preserving academic integrity through prevention and classroom reforms. For instance, directly teaching students of what constitutes cheating and greater emphasis on mastery of tasks rather than grades are beneficial classroom reforms. Preserving Academic Integrity without a  Scandal Cheating is a widespread, increasing in its prevalence, and perhaps the most unpleasant aspects of teaching and learning. The result of the study in higher education suggests that cheating only occurs if there is an opportunity to cheat and it is possible for teachers to eliminate cheating without creating a scandal. The literature has demonstrated that majority of students perceived cheating as an acceptable behavior and youths of all ages are likely to engage in some form of cheating. Cheating is an academic crime but there can be serious legal consequences if a teacher falsely accuses a student of cheating. The most effective approach a teacher can adopt therefore is to prevent cheating by establishing cheating policies and strictly enforcing them. Primarily, a teacher on the first day of class has the opportunity to state his or her position about cheating clearly and why school considers such act as a crime. It is also helpful to explain its consequence using relevant situations such as the fact that since many of them will be competing with other people for jobs in the near future, a person who cheats and gets  illicit high grades from it is literally cheating everyone out of a job. Teaching styles that promote cheating such as grading on a curve and covering too much material on a single examination should be avoided. The reason is that students often cheat when the stakes are high and consequences are low. Moreover, research shows that likelihood of cheating is strongly linked to the quality of teacher-student relationship and students’ level of respect for the teacher.

BUSINESS DATA ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

BUSINESS DATA ANALYSIS - Essay Example R., Sweeney, D. J. & Williams, T. A. (2008). Essentials of Modern Business Statistics (4th Edition). Ohio: South-Western Cengage. 19 Abstract The present paper discusses the way that HH Industries had been running their business over a year. It attempts to assess their trends in customer sales and orders received in addition to the way that their machines are functioning. The industry consists of three profit centers based in Florida, Arizona and Pennsylvania whose operations are being examined separately. Introduction The situation prevailing over HH Industries is examined in the present case. It tries to assess the summary statistics for variables such as customer purchases and sizes of order for all three component profit centers as well as the entire company. This is the way through which it attempts to examine the trends that the company is taking over time. Methods In order to attain the objectives of the paper, central tendency methods and probability distributions have been u sed with the help of MS-Excel. Results, Conclusions and Recommendations Answer to Question 1 a) The relative frequency distributions and histograms for the company’s daily average order size in the first and second quarters have been presented underneath – For Quarter 1 For Quarter 2 Histogram representing of the company’s daily average order size for Quarter 1 Histogram representing of the company’s daily average order size for Quarter 2 b) The following charts display the histograms representing daily total orders of the company, for each quarter. Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 3rd quarter of 1990 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 4th quarter of 1990 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 1st quarter of 1991 Frequency of the company’s daily orders around the 2nd quarter of 1991 c) Each quarter is found to be displaying almost equivalent trends in terms of daily orders received by the company. During the 3rd quarter of 1990, the company’s daily orders had been quite high and uniformly distributed. This implies that the proximity in the location of mean, median and mode in this case. However, this uniformity is visible more for the lower amounts of orders in contrast to that of the 1st quarter of 1991 which shows uniformity for the higher orders. On the other hand, this consistency cannot be noted in the 4th quarter of 1990. The 2nd quarter of 1991 on the other hand displays a consistency in the number of orders received throughout the period. A possible conclusion which could be drawn from the above statements is that the people are instigated to purchase more frequently over the years gradually as the company attains more and more popularity with them. It might also be possible that the customers to the company have realized the higher expenditure involved in storing inventories which is why they have shifted towards making smaller purchases freque ntly. Answer to Question 2 a) The central tendency measures computed for the quarterly data on number of orders and average order size have been presented in the following table – Central Tendency Measures Quarter 3 of 1990 Quarter 4 of 1990 Quarter 1 of 1991 Quarter 2 of 1991 Daily orders Average order size Daily orders Aver

A Worn Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Worn Path - Essay Example The wrinkles on the face are compared to the branching limbs of the tree. Deductive argument- This argument form are truth preserving arguments. The racism explained by the author in the story is that of truth. In American society, the black people are oppressed and suppressed by white men. The character phoenix in the story is threatened by white men. From the story, one can get the real picture of American society. Racism is the bitter reality of American culture. Another argument which can be raised for analysis is that the story reflects the obstacles people face in life. Especially it is the story of a woman who is strong willed. The message in the story is strong and socially informative. The story also is a reflection of the life of an old black woman who can face life with courage and determination. Inductive argument – This argument is one which generalization happens and conclusion is given the story reveals that Phoenix being an African American faced many obstacles in her life. This was mainly due to the oppression the community shows upon black people so we can assume that all black women face difficulties like Phoenix. Defensible argument- It is an argument based on ethics and moral philosophy. In the story, the perseverance and sacrifice of Phoenix shows the responsibility and affection of a grandmother towards her grandson. This shows that she is an honest and true woman with lovable character. The stand of white men portrayed in the story shows that ethical and moral responsibility of American people is not

Reformation Essay Example for Free

Reformation Essay The Reformation is a broad term used to describe the period of time beginning around 1500 A. D. extending through the mid-seventeenth century, with roots dating back to around the fourteenth century. Society was in something of an upheaval at the time and the church was faced persistent heresy. A wave that would become known as the Protestant Reformation started in Germany in the early 1500’s and moved throughout the German speaking countries to Scandinavia to the French and finally to England and Scotland. Differing from the Renaissance, the Reformation made an impact in most every Europeans life and forced people to make the decision between the old way and the new. In the early stages of the Reformation there was a man, the pioneer of that Protestant Reformation that swept over Europe, a man who ventured into a new arena of thought in relation to how the Church, his name was Martin Luther. 1] The following writing will be a short biographical work of Martin Luther showing some of the events of his life and how through them, he changed the Church as well as contributed to the progress of the Reformation concluding with a look at his life in a way to show more of who Luther was as opposed to what he did. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben Germany on November 10, 1493 before moving to Mansfield in 1484 where he attended school before moving on to Magdeburg with the Brethren of the Common Life. From there he entered the University of Erfurt in 1501 where he was introduced to nominalist philosophy which taught the inability of natural reason to establish articles of faith. It was here that he also furthered his linguistic skills in the classical tongues, and graduated with his B. A. in 1502 and his M. A. in 1505. The winds of the Reformation had already begun to whirl as Luther was growing up. He had been studying law, before being caught up in the religious revival that had been heading across Western Europe. 2] That July he was knocked to the ground by lightning and the combination of those events, the death of a friend and issues inside himself he entered the chapter house of the Hermits of St. Augustine[3] in Erfurt monastery of the Augustinian Eremites. At this time he was given his very first Bible, which he studied relentlessly, studying carefully Romans and Galatians. He was also deeply into the works of Augustine as well as William of Occam and carried with himself the reputation of being a man of singular piety, devotion and monastic zeal. [4] To the objection of his father he took the vows in September 1506, was elected to study for the priesthood, and was made a deacon in February of 1507 and ordained a priest on April 4 of that same year. His father attended his first Mass where he rebuked Martin for disobeying his parents. [5] At the monastery, Luther practiced ascetic excesses to try to achieve some sense of inner peace. Johann von Staupitz helped him away from his life of standing fearfully in front of a Deity to responding in joy to the loving forgiveness of God through Jesus Christ. In 1510 he went on a business trip to Rome to the Vatican where he was shaken and disturbed by the commercial, showy splendor of the Vatica n. In 1512, Luther began lecturing as a doctorate of theology at Wittenberg, a position he would hold for the rest of his life. For the following two years he lectured heavily on the Psalms before shifting to Romans, Galatians, Hebrews and Titus in 1516. It was after these studies that Luther became convinced that salvation is a new relationship with God, and that it was not a merit-based system but rather it came through placing trust in the promises of God. Humans would still sin, but would live life as a forgiven sinner as a result of their relationship with Jesus Christ. It was also through these studies that Luther had his Gospel epiphany in 1516 while reading in Galatians 3 that the just shall live by faith. At this time that Luther was released from his haunting sense of guilt and crossed over into the freedom that came from relying on Gods grace. During this time he was growing, discovering new convictions, and while he had not written them into an officially theology he did have the principles that would be instrumental in and would define the Reformation; man is justified by faith alone, every believer has direct access to God and the Bible is the sole source of authority for faith and life. In 1517 Luther decided he needed to put these ideas into action. It was in that year that he came across a Dominican, Johann Tetzel, selling indulgences to Luthers parishioners. Going against Tetzel’s methods, bad theology and the fact that the outflow of cash was for a new St. Peters for Leo X, Luther preached against buying pardons and for relying on Gods grace for salvation. He had grown tired of this theology that was lacking Scriptural truth about it. On October 31, 1517, the day for which many remember Luther, he tacked Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg intending to have the questions bring about academic discussion, not a document written to insight a revolt against the pope of the Church of Rome. The Theses were translated and circulated bringing about attacks from Tetzel and the formidable Eck, labeling him a heretic. Luther was ordered by Leo X to appear at Rome in 1518 though it Frederck the Wise changed the hearing to Augsburg and it was through Frederick’s protection that Luther was able to survive. At the time of the hearing, Leo was drafting a papal bull describing indulgences in the exact fashion that Luther had questioned. In 1519 Luthers debate went publicly with Eck and he admitted that he rejected other authority of popes and councils when they were not congruent to the Scriptures. To combat the view that he was going against everything the church stood for, he published three works to clarify his views; â€Å"An Address to Christian Nobility of the German Nation,† â€Å"The Babylonian Captivity of the Church† and the â€Å"Liberty of a Christian Man. On Dec. 10, 1520, he was presented with a papal bull threatening to excommunicate him. He publicly burned the document along with a copy of the canon law, an open defiance of the popes authority in refusal to renounce any of his viewpoints Due to factors beyond just Luthers actions, the Wittenberg civil authorities looked on approvingly as their country was in a rebellious mood. Again he was summoned to appear before the pope, again refusing to budge from his position. A group of German churchmen, princes and nobles approached him one day ordering him to recant to which he replied, â€Å"Unless I am refuted and convicted by testimonies of Scripture or by clear arguments, my conscience is bound in the word of God: I cannot and will not recant anything. I cannot do otherwise. Here I stand. God help me, Amen. It was Frederick that again came to the rescue of Luther, saving him from almost certain martyrdom yet again, abducting him on his journey from Worms and holding him at the Wartburg Castle for ten months. Some consider Luther’s time spent there in the castle his most valuable as, among other things, he translated the Greek Bible to German. Upon his return to Wittenberg in March of 1522 he set about organizing the reformation that had nearly crumbled under the enthusiastic, but unskilled leadership of such people as Carlstadt and Zwilling in Wittenberg. They had gotten a crowd together that started rampages, wrecking statuary and artwork, actions Luther quickly denounced and went about producing forms for instruction, worship and church government. The Peasant’s War came about in 1524, but Luther continued undeterred, holding to the position of upholding authority, calling for social justice and urging the consideration for the economic welfare of the lower class. Luther’s language used in urging the princes to put down the revolt was intemperate and he ended up alienating some of the lower class. [6] During his time in the castle, Luther set out writing a childrens catechism as well as a catechism for the common people. It was also during this time that he composed what some consider the battle hymn for the reformation Almighty Fortress Is Our God. He went on teaching in his position, beginning to teach that priests could marry and soon met and married a former nun named Katharina von Bora who had followed him along with eight other nuns in fleeing from their convent in 1523 to take refuge in Wittenberg. [7] Together they produced six children of their own and opened their home to countless others as well as boarding students and other guests. [8] Luther continued to write, preach and teach and in 1530 he approved the Augsburg Confession and the Augsburg Apology as written by Philip Melanchthon. In 1573 Luther restated his doctrines in the Schmalkald Articles and spent his remaining years spent in inactive and productive service, such as writing â€Å"On Bondage of Will. † Luther died in his home town of Eisleben after mediating a meeting between two princes and experiences mild chest pains[9] in 1546. [10] The life of Martin Luther is something that one could marvel at, but there is more to this man’s story than a whole lot of scholarly achievements and raising questions that ended up causing Christianity to divide. He was a man of great passion and was extremely focused on God, realizing that it was about God and not about himself. When Christ drove the people out of the church saying they made it a den of theives he is angry because he knows that things are not what they should be, and sees what they could become, Martin Luther is another man with the same sort of view. He saw things the way that they could be. This anger was not exclusive to just Luther and Christ, it happens within many men and comes from different places, but what is common is that they are angry at the denialnot to themselves alone, but to their fellowmen as wellof all they have seen of head in their solitude that has been proven in their own personal life. Luther, slated by some as the last angry man of the Reformation, was once quoted saying, I never work better, than when I am inspired of anger when I am angry, I can write, pray and preach well, for then my whole temperament is quickened, my understanding sharpened and my mundane vexations and temptations depart. His life was tumultuous and deep melancholy assaulted him, leaving him weak and desperately ill. Upon tasting the grace of God he was driven with great compassion to preach the unsearchable riches of Christ and publish the Word of God in the native tongue of his countrymen. His passion and resolute faith was so great that it was said that upon hearing him pray people would exclaim: How great a spirit, how great a faith, was in his very words! As a monk he vowed to crucify the flesh through fasting, mortifications, and watchings struggling against deceitful thoughts and the evil inclinations of his heart. Nothing was too great a sacrifice if it would enable him to become a saint of acquired heaven. He was sold out on his quest for attaining holiness. He even claimed himself to be a pious monk stating that, â€Å"If a monk could obtain heaven by his good works, I should, certainly those who have known me can testify. † As he was carrying out this torture on himself he was confronted by John Staupitz, who asked him why he tormented himself the way that he did telling the young Martin, to â€Å"look at the wounds of Christ, to the blood that he has shed for you. † Luther was so wrapped up in literally beating himself up over his sins, he forgot a key element. Staupitz went on to tell him, â€Å"Instead of torturing yourself on account of your sins, throw you self in the Redeemers arms. Trust in Himin the righteousness of His lifein the atonement of His death. † Not long after his conversations with Staupitz, Luther was done being an imitator, keeping to the rules of the religious order, but rather he was a new creation entirely, walking in the full assurance of faith confident that the God that began the good work in him, would perfect His work. For Luther Christ was no longer an option, Christ was the option, or as he said in his Commentary on Galatians, â€Å"Christ is no lawgiver. He is the Lifegiver. † [11] For Luther it was about knowing God, not having a knowledge of God, he was a man full of passion for his Savior, completely sold out on his Master’s plan. It was so much so that he thanked God that he knew enough to believe that God knew more than he did and was able to rest in knowing that that would never change. Knowing that God was greater and surrendering to that knowledge was an undercurrent to Luther’s life, he clung to the word of God for his confidence and promises, not to the tradition of men. [12] The Reformation is a broad term used to describe the period of time beginning around 1500 A. D. extending through the mid-seventeenth century, with roots dating back to around the fourteenth century. Society was in something of an upheaval and the church was faced persistent heresy. In the early stages of the Reformation Martin Luther was the pioneer of that Protestant Reformation that swept over Europe, and who ventured into a new arena of thought in relation to how the Church. [13] The previous writing was a short biographical work of Martin Luther showing some of the events of his life and how through them, he changed the Church as well as contributed to the progress of the Reformation concluding with a look at his life in a way to show more of who Luther was as opposed to what he did.

Free Euthanasia Essays: Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act President Clinton said that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman Pain Relief Promotion Act is "whether the bill as written would have a chilling effect on doctors writing medication for pain relief on terminally ill patients." The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten states in recent years - and the effect of such language on the use of powerful pain relief medication such as morphine has been dramatically positive. There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban intentionally assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain even when this may unintentionally increase the risk of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase of over 50%. During the same period, four states passed laws against assisted suicide that did not include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. Even here, there is little evidence of a significant "chilling effect" on morphine use; but per capita use of morphine tended to stay about the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%. Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons: 1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast majority of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice. Free Euthanasia Essays: Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act :: Free Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia and the Pain Relief Promotion Act President Clinton said that the key question regarding the Nickles/Lieberman Pain Relief Promotion Act is "whether the bill as written would have a chilling effect on doctors writing medication for pain relief on terminally ill patients." The question he raised is a testable proposition. Language almost identical to that found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act has been enacted in ten states in recent years - and the effect of such language on the use of powerful pain relief medication such as morphine has been dramatically positive. There is considerable data from states passing new laws against assisted suicide since 1992. During this period, ten states passed new laws that ban intentionally assisting suicide (or that strengthen existing bans), including language that affirms the use of medications to control pain even when this may unintentionally increase the risk of death. Data on morphine use from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) show that per capita use of morphine always increased in these states afterward, sometimes dramatically so (in Iowa, Rhode Island and South Dakota, morphine use doubled). The average change in morphine use in these ten states was an increase of over 50%. During the same period, four states passed laws against assisted suicide that did not include language affirming pain control like that found in the federal Pain Relief Promotion Act. Even here, there is little evidence of a significant "chilling effect" on morphine use; but per capita use of morphine tended to stay about the same or to increase only slightly. In these four states, where new bans on assisted suicide lacked the kind of positive language on pain control found in the Pain Relief Promotion Act, morphine use rose by an average of 3%. Turning back to the ten states with language similar to that of the Pain Relief Promotion Act, one can reasonably predict that the impact of passing the federal Act would be even more positive for pain control, for the following reasons: 1. These states actually passed new bans (or established new civil penalties for doctors) where none previously existed. By contrast, in the vast majority of states the Pain Relief Promotion Act establishes no new ban at all - it is already a state crime (and/or a violation of state medical licensing standards) to assist suicide, and thus an automatic violation of the federal Controlled Substances Act to use a federally controlled drug in such a practice.

Alice in Wonderland Reading Log Essay

The original title of this novel being Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, provides an episodic of short stories of her adventures instead of just one long adventure throughout the novel. This holds up throughout the novel as each chapter is usually a different adventure or â€Å"story†. The title can also foreshadow that the novel will not take place in normal reality and in fact in â€Å"Wonderland† although Alice never does find out the true name of the world she dreamt of. The word â€Å"Wonderland† only appears until the last two pages of the novel when Alice’s sister reflects on Alice’s dream. 2. What are the conflicts in Alice in Wonderland? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional)? The most prominent intellectual conflict in Alice in Wonderland is her ability to make sense of the nonsensical world she is in. She often has a struggle interacting with the other characters as shown from the beginning when she is talking to the mouse and the birds. She mistakenly brings up her cat which leads the other animals to run off. Throughout the book Alice faces a moral conflict as she tries to interact with each character in a normal manner instead of embracing the madness and going along with it. Another easy conflict to detect is her physical conflict with The Red Queen as she wants to execute Alice. Alice faces a moral conflict while dealing with The Red Queen when she points out that flamingos are not a fair way to play crotchet. 3. What are some themes in the story? The main theme I found throughout the book was meaning. Alice always has to question meaning. The strange world of Wonderland does not often have meaning so the consequences that follow meaningless actions prevents Alice from understanding the values in Wonderland. The beginning and end show a good example of the contrast as everyone is a winner of the caucus race and no one besides The Red Queen is a winner. This can applied to real life as often times everyone over or under analyse a certain situation which leads to a downfall. In order to be safe, a certain measure of practicality needs to be accounted for. 4. What are some symbols in Alice in Wonderland? Alice growing and shrinking can be a symbol of her age/mental growth as she finds herself in situations in which she needs to be more or less mature such as dealing with the mad hatter she can afford to be less mature and when in the presence of The Red Queen, she needs to be cautious of her actions. The Red Queen can be symbolic of the Queen of England considering Lewis Carroll’s family was predominantly English. Her playing card henchmen can be the British Soldiers. Time is a constant symbol throughout the novel and can be shown through the Rabbit. He comes in and out of the novel and shows just how fast time goes when kept busy. The garden can be a symbolism for desire, as often times desires are the greatest battles for human beings. Alice never does reach the garden but remains a desire for hers that she never does reach. The setting of each chapters changes so frequently, symbolizing the mentality to move on. When life changes, the only way to succeed is to adjust and maintain composure.5. Is Alice consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How? Why? Alice is not a fully developed character because she is unable to accept life in Wonderland. She cries when things dont go work out, and continues to seek sense in man Wonderland. An example of this can be displayed through her interaction with the caterpillar when she tries to explain to him what is wrong, instead of trying to enjoy herself in Wonderland. She is not consistent in her actions. For example, she quickly listened to the rabbit and tried to help him find his gloves without asking a question. Then right after, she questions everything the caterpillar says. 6. Does Alice change and/or develop as a human being? Alice changes with her confidence. In the beginning she is more concerned with being herself but quickly questions if she is her friends. Since then, she goes back and forth trying to figure out who she is, which can be symbolized by physical growth going up and down. 7. How does Alice relate to other characters in the book? Alice relates to the other characters in the book as to her there are mad, and to them, Alice is the mad one. Throughout the book she becomes angry which relates to the characters inconsistent temper. If Alice had more time in Wonderland, I believe she would quickly learn how to relate. 8. Which character would you like to meet? I would like to meet the Mad Hatter because I would try to come up with ridiculous riddles and sayings to try and confuse him. I would try to out mad him and see what would happen. 9. What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful? The purpose of the story from Carrolls eyes was to give Alice Liddell something interesting to read. I would say that is meaningful and important because a child’s imagination is something to encourage and inspire. 10. How does Carroll use poetry in this novel? Why? Carroll uses poetry to satirize common poems of the time. He also uses poetry to emphasize the nonsense going on at the time. Most of the poetry in the novel dont serve a specific purpose to the storyline or events taken place. 11. What is the significance of the garden? The garden can be a symbolism of desire as Alice never reaches the forbidden garden. The garden can also be a symbolism of the Garden of Eden, as no one is pure enough to reach it. Since this novel is meant for a child, Carrol may be saying that even a child is not fully pure. 12. Traditionally, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass are considered stories for children. What do you think? I think these stories are meant for children in that they give a child the fantasy and adventure that they love to hear about, but considering Carroll’s abstract and brilliant mind, I believe he added certain symbolism and allusion that an adult mind can detect. 13. Since their publication, some readers have found material in Carroll’s book unsuitable for children. Are parts of the Alice books unfit for or harmful to children today? I do not believe there is any material that is unsuitable for children. It can argued that The Red Queens request for Alices execution can be startling for children, but because Alice does not die and the characters in charge of her execution are only playing cards, children can remain at ease in the end. To most children, this story is just a description of a girls adventure through Wonderland. 14. Alice Liddell, the model for Carroll’s heroine, was a young child when these stories were first told. Although a child in the story, Alice often exhibits mature characteristics, and the adult characters often exhibit childish behavior. Do you consider this book to be an adult’s view of childhood, or a child’s view of adulthood? I think this story is a childs view on adulthood. Alice often believes she is smarter than she may appear, which is common among children growing up wishing they can have more freedom and more privileges. Also, as a growing child, adult like figures are often confusing, which Alice experiences with everything in Wo nderland. 15. Alice rarely speaks nonsense and rarely enjoys it when it is spoken to her. In fact, her speech and manners are as proper as those of any Jane Austen heroine. How is Alice’s perception of the world changed when confronted with the world and characters of nonsense? Alice does not realize to accept the nonsense that is Wonderland and tries to stay fair, as shown with her crochet game with The Red Queen. Over time she learns to accept things that are not always in her hands. As she wakes up from the dream she notices the similarities between Wonderland and the real world which can be interpreted as her acceptance that things in Wonderland can relate to the real world in which she knows now to not always have to be incontrol. 16. The Cheshire Cat suggests that everything Alice experiences in Wonderland is a dream or the result of madness. Besides the obvious absurdities in imagery, what other aspects of these books mimic a dream state? Alice talking to objects and animals like humans mimic a dream state. The order of life is different in Wonderland as well, in order to stay â€Å"sane†, you must accept that there is no sense. 17. â€Å"Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of themselves.† This play on the proverb â€Å"Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves† is a good example of Carroll’s word play. Often these word plays end up with a nonsensical locution, but at other times, they create a completely different, often subversive, meaning. What effect does this word play have on the story as a whole? This is an example of wordplay that is similar in that the author is explaining how Wonderland works. One must think irrationally to be rational in the Wonderland world. Once this is accomplished, the sounds will begin to make sense. In the metaphor, they are talking about sense and sounds. Sense is being action, and sounds is being how the person s ays it. The literal translation of the metaphor can be used to mean that taking away the smaller amount of money, pounds, or in relation to dollars, will be more valuable. 18. Throughout her adventures, Alice grapples with her identity. What philosophical issues about identity does Alice raise? Throughout her adventures, Alice wasn’t sure who she was. In the beginning she hoped she had not turned into one of her friends because she thought since she could not grasp the reality of Wonderland, she was not smart enough to. She did not want to return to the real world if she was not herself showing that when you’re not able to live life as who you really are, it is not entirely worth it. The rabbit thought she was something else other than a little girl and the pigeon thought that she was snake. These occurrences show how hard it is to have people know exactly who you are, and people often are mistaken and not recognized for who they truly are. The characters in Wonderland were very confused with who she was, because she was new. She struggled to find where she was and who she was. 19. Alice usually exhibits a passivity to the incomprehensible events around her. However, at critical times, she learns to assume control of her circumstances. What message does that send to the reader? This message teaches the reader to be patient and practical. When things don’t go a certain way, it is easy to succum to emotion and feel as if there is no way to come back. Alice learning to control herself shows that everyone is in control of themselves and do not have to feel overwhelmed. 20. Give an example of Alice being passive and example of Alice in which she is in control. Alice is passive when the chef is throwing kitchenware at her because she doesn’t know how to defend herself and has to change the subject to stop him from harming her and the baby. Alice was in control when she realizes that she can control Wonderland by waking up, it is merely a dream. 21. What is the significance of the mushroom that Alice eats during her adventures? One side of the mushroom allows Alice to grow or shrink, however she does not know which side is which. Once Alice gets some pieces of the mushroom she is able to control her size. As a result of her gaining some control, which she also gains in confidence and is more able to assert herself against the all the difficulties she encounters throughout her adventure. 22. Let’s assume that in Lewis Carroll’s original telling of these stories, he viewed himself as a teacher/mentor to Alice Liddell. How do the ways in which the fictional Alice adapts to her shifting and unusual circumstances translate into meaningful lessons for a child of Alice Liddell’s age? Alices adventures translate lessons that whenever a child faces challenges, they can never give up. She teaches patience and to not get overwhelmed. These meaningful lessons children can learn for life and adapt to their own life through their own challenges. 23. Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? The story does not end how I expected because I imagined Alice finding a physical way out of Wonderland, such as another hole in the landscape. Considering how shifty the rest of the book had been, it made sense that Alice would wake up so abruptly. 24. What is the significance of the Queen of Hearts? She is in control of Wonderland even though she is only the queen and her husband the king of hearts should be the true ruler of wonderland. However, he is scared of the queen. The queen represents Alice’s mom because the queen is always telling everyone what to do, such as mother character. The queen is a caricature of Queen Victoria, both strong and tough rulers who everyone feared. metaphor can be used to mean that taking away the smaller amount of money, pounds, or in relation to dollars, will be more valuable.

Book Review Last Song

In The Last Song God is talked bout a lot and believe since Sparks was Catholic, that influenced him to add his religion into his Story. I personally do not see the author in the Story. I think he did not want to add himself in the book. The book is written in third person point of view. The point of view written in the book helps the reader understand what the character was feel Eng and the inking. Throughout the story, the author uses a lot of literary devices. At least every other page has a literary device to it. A common one I found throughout the story is simile.Of ours it's the most common literary device. Ronnie loves her brother â€Å"even though they fight like cats and dogs† and â€Å"still [takes] him to the park every weekend† (Ronnie, 23) showing that she is still willing to do things for her only brother. Steve, Ronnie and Jonahs father, shows his love for his children throughout the novel. â€Å"Spending time with Joana had been like finding special tre asure,† Steve loved his kids and spending time with them, â€Å"and he wanted to spend time with [Ronnie] as well† (Steve, 1 00) and wanted to be a part of their lives again.Love is a main theme throughout the story and while love is shown differently by each character, it is all the same. Steve has love for music and his children. Ronnie has love towards her family and Will who she met and fell in love with during the summer. And Joana loves spending time with his father and picking on his sister. The story is about a girl named Ronnie, who has to spend the summer with her dad and brother. She hung out with the wrong crowd at the beginning but after an incident she stayed away. While there she meets Will, a guy who helps her trust again.He helped her find her true self and mature into a young woman. It takes time for Ronnie to let her father back into her life again because she was upset at him for leaving. The story had lots of phrases I liked. One in particular but i t is dialog between two main characters. ‘†Can I ask you a question? ‘ (Will) ‘I'm not sure I can stop you. â€Å"‘ (Ronnie, 151) do not know why but out of the entire dialog in the story that part just jumped out. It showed how straight forward Ronnie can be. The story is written using modern English. It is not to old were o cannot understand it.At the beginning of the Story, Ronnie felt distant with her father, maybe even hate towards him. When I was in middle school used to give my parents the cold shoulder. So I can kind of relate to how Ronnie felt at the beginning of the story. My favorite character is Ronnie because she will say â€Å"what [is] on her mind† (Will, 145) and not care what other people think. Marcus is my least favorite character. He â€Å"[thinks] only about himself† (Ronnie, 138) and his personality bugs me. In the beginning of the story Ronnie felt like she did not belong. In middle school when I just started as a sixth grader used to feel like I did not belong.But eventually just like Ronnie, started feeling like that's where I am supposed to be. Personally enjoyed the entire story. It had its happy moments and other bittersweet moments that made this story one of my favorites. My favorite part of the story is when Ronnie visited Will's house for the first time. She was like a fly in a glass of milk; the author writes, â€Å"She might as well have landed on mars† [Ronnie, 227] proving my point that she felt she didn't belong there. My least favorite part was when Blaze planted some Cad's in Rennin's bag so it looked like she was shoplifting.Blaze knew what would happen to her because Ronnie said she couldn't be caught shoplifting again during the year or they would not drop the charges from the other time she did it. Would definitely recommend this book. I have read it a couple Of times and seen the movie, each time finding something new in it. The book has a bittersweet ending to it but the message it gives is wonderful. Honestly, anybody would enjoy this, Nicholas Sparks writing pulls at the heart strings, if you are willing o put the time into reading this, you will not regret it because it is a good book.

Free Essays on Mainstreaming

Mainstreaming is the process of placing disabled children into a non-disabled environment, such as a classroom. This has become a very controversial subject because there are so many sides. Parents are pushing for there children to be placed into a normal classroom and teachers are pushing them away. To be successful in life everyone must learn to get along with a varied of different people. Going to school is a good way to learn this. This allows everyone to work and get to know many different types of people. Mainstreaming can be one way that students can learn about different people and interact with them. Inclusion and mainstreaming are around the same thing but can be confused with each other. The biggest difference between the two is that mainstreaming means that the students only receives a portion of his or her education in a normal education setting while spending the rest of the time in a special ed classroom. Some positive effects mainstreaming have non-disabled children are they tend to be more sensitive towards the disabled. They also have more self-esteem after being in a classroom with a disabled child. When a disabled child is placed into a regular classroom the teacher works more with group work so that the kids are all interacting together. Studies have shown that on standardized tests, disabled children in regular classrooms perform as well as those in special education classes and their classroom behavior is improved (Carrington 1). Studies have also shown that parents have benefited as well. Teachers concerns play a huge part in deciding weather a parent wants to have their child in a regular classroom. If the teacher isn’t optimistic about the outcome of the student then why should a parent place their child with him or her? Many teachers are worried that they don’t have the technology or the knowledge for the disabled children being placed in there classrooms. Every Special Ed teacher wants to se... Free Essays on Mainstreaming Free Essays on Mainstreaming It is crucial to recognize that the need for higher education is implied for all students, including those with special needs. â€Å" The term mainstreaming was first used in the 1970’s and describes classrooms where students with disabilities and students who do not have disabilities are together (Mainstreaming in Classrooms, 2002. p. 1)†. Within special education the question of mainstreaming often arises as a solution for superior learning. Mainstream and inclusion programs have proven beneficial to all students, teachers and communities as a whole. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was reformed in 1997 and calls for free and suitable education for special needs students. The IDEA emphasizes a least restrictive environment, in which children with special needs are educated to the highest of their ability. For many special needs children the highest level of appropriate education lies within mainstreaming. Participation in mainstream programs depends heavily upon the academic ability and social skills of each individual child. The Individual Education Plan is used to monitor the ability, progress and future goals of each student. â€Å" Not only must the IEP contain a statement of how the child’s disability will affect participation in the general curriculum, but it must explain why any student will not be participating in the general classroom...â€Å" (Moore, Gilbreath, Maiuri, 1998, P.3). There are many levels of special education, including mainstreaming. Exceptional children may be placed in a special education school or they may be given the opportunity to excel through mainstreaming or inclusion programs. If these types of programs are deemed most appropriate, a student may face two options. Students may be placed into a mainstream program where the student attends a regular school with non-disabled peers. These programs focus on life skill and functional learning that takes place in a special education setting... Free Essays on Mainstreaming Mainstreaming is the process of placing disabled children into a non-disabled environment, such as a classroom. This has become a very controversial subject because there are so many sides. Parents are pushing for there children to be placed into a normal classroom and teachers are pushing them away. To be successful in life everyone must learn to get along with a varied of different people. Going to school is a good way to learn this. This allows everyone to work and get to know many different types of people. Mainstreaming can be one way that students can learn about different people and interact with them. Inclusion and mainstreaming are around the same thing but can be confused with each other. The biggest difference between the two is that mainstreaming means that the students only receives a portion of his or her education in a normal education setting while spending the rest of the time in a special ed classroom. Some positive effects mainstreaming have non-disabled children are they tend to be more sensitive towards the disabled. They also have more self-esteem after being in a classroom with a disabled child. When a disabled child is placed into a regular classroom the teacher works more with group work so that the kids are all interacting together. Studies have shown that on standardized tests, disabled children in regular classrooms perform as well as those in special education classes and their classroom behavior is improved (Carrington 1). Studies have also shown that parents have benefited as well. Teachers concerns play a huge part in deciding weather a parent wants to have their child in a regular classroom. If the teacher isn’t optimistic about the outcome of the student then why should a parent place their child with him or her? Many teachers are worried that they don’t have the technology or the knowledge for the disabled children being placed in there classrooms. Every Special Ed teacher wants to se...

Liberace Biography and Profile

Liberace Biography and Profile Wladziu Valentino Liberace ( May 16, 1919 - February 4, 1987 ) was a child piano prodigy who became a star of live concerts, television, and recordings. At the height of his success, he was considered one of the worlds highest-paid entertainers. His flamboyant lifestyle and stage appearances earned him the nickname Mr. Showmanship. Early Life Liberace was born in the Milwaukee suburb of West Allis, Wisconsin. His father was an Italian immigrant, and his mother was of Polish descent. Liberace began playing the piano at age 4, and his prodigious talent was discovered at an early age. At age 8, Liberace met the legendary Polish pianist Ignacy Paderewski backstage at a Pabst Theater concert in Milwaukee. As a teenager in the Great Depression, Liberace earned money performing in cabarets and strip clubs despite disapproval from his parents. At age 20, he performed Liszts Second Piano Concerto with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at the Pabst Theater and subsequently toured the MIdwest as a piano player. Personal Life Liberace often hid his private life as a gay man by allowing public stories about romantic involvement with women to gain traction. In 2011, actress Betty White, a close friend, stated that Liberace was gay and she was often used by his managers to counter homosexual rumors. In the late 1950s, he sued the U.K. newspaper Daily Mirror for libel after it published statements implying that he was gay. He won the case in 1959 and received more than $20,000 in damages. In 1982, Liberaces 22-year-old former chauffeur and live-in lover of five years Scott Thorson sued him for $113 million in palimony after he was fired. Liberace continued to insist that he wasnt gay, and the case was settled out of court in 1986 with Thorson receiving $75,000, three cars, and three pet dogs. Scott Thorson later said that he agreed to settle because he knew that Liberace was dying. His book Behind the Candelabra about their relationship was adapted as an award-winning HBO film in 2013. Music Career In the 1940s, Liberace reworked his live performances from straight classical music to shows that included pop music. it would become a signature element of his concerts. In 1944 he made his first appearance in Las Vegas. Liberace added the iconic candelabra to his act after seeing it used as a prop in the 1945  film A Song To Remember about Frederic Chopin.   Liberace was his own personal publicity machine performing from private parties to sold-out concerts. By 1954, he earned a record $138,000 (more than $1,000,000 today) for a concert at New Yorks Madison Square Garden. Critics panned his piano playing, but his sense of showmanship endeared Liberace to his audiences.   In the 1960s, Liberace returned to Las Vegas and referred to himself as, a one-man Disneyland. His live Las Vegas shows in the 1970s and 1980s often earned more than $300,000 a week. His final stage performance took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York on November 2, 1986. Although he recorded almost 70 albums, Liberaces record sales were relatively small compared to his celebrity. Six of his albums were certified gold for sales. TV and Films Liberaces first network television program, the 15-minute Liberace Show, debuted in July 1952. It didnt lead to a regular series, but a syndicated film of his local live show gave him widespread national exposure. Liberace made guest appearances on a wide variety of other shows in the 1950s and 1960s including The Ed Sullivan Show. A new Liberace Show started on ABC daytime in 1958, but it was canceled after only six months. Liberace eagerly embraced pop culture making guest appearances both on the Monkees and Batman in the late 1960s. In 1978, Liberace appeared on the Muppet Show, and, in 1985, he appeared on Saturday Night Live.   From early in his career, Liberace was interested in earning success as an actor in addition to his musical talents. His first film appearance occurred in the 1950 movie South Sea Sinner. Warner Bros. gave him his first starring role in 1955 in the film Sincerely Yours. Despite a big budget advertising campaign, the movie was a critical and commercial failure. He never again appeared in a lead role in a film. Death Outside of the public eye, Liberace was tested positive for HIV by his personal physician in August 1985. More than a year before Liberaces death, his lover of seven years, Cary James Wyman, was also tested positive. He later died in 1997. Another lover named Chris Adler later came forward after Liberace died and claimed that he received the HIV virus from sex with Liberace. He died in 1990. Liberace kept his own illness a secret until the day he died. He did not seek any medical treatment. One of Liberaces last public interviews took place on TVs Good Morning America in August 1986. During the interview, he hinted that he might be sick. Liberace died of complications of AIDS on February 4, 1987, at his home in Palm Springs, California. At first, a range of causes of death were publicized, but the Riverside County coroner performed an autopsy and declared that those close to Liberace conspired to hide the real cause of death. The coroner stated it was pneumonia as a complication of AIDS. Liberace was buried at Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. Legacy Liberace achieved his fame in a fashion unique to his own personal style. His presentation of shows as a piano-playing entertainer borrowed from classical music traditions, flamboyant circus-style shows, and the intimacy of piano bars. Liberace maintained an unparalleled connection to his core audience. Liberace is also recognized as an icon among gay entertainers. Although he fought against being labeled as homosexual during his lifetime, his sexual orientation was widely discussed and recognized. Pop music legend Elton John has stated that Liberace was the first gay person he remembered seeing on television, and he considered Liberace to be a personal hero. Liberace also played a key role in the development of Las Vegas as an entertainment mecca. He opened the Liberace Museum in Las Vegas in 1979. It became a key tourist attraction along with his own live shows. The proceeds from the museum benefited the Liberace Foundation of Performing and Creative Arts. After 31 years, the museum closed in 2010 due to declining admissions.

Discussion questions week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion questions week 2 - Essay Example The technique can be applied to different type of business data such as production, sales, inventories, investment, raw materials, employee needs, and development products (Mann, 1995). Time series analysis can be applied to forecast the revenue stream of a public company such as Starbucks. The raw data needed is the historic revenue of the company. The raw data concerning the revenues of Starbucks is illustrated below The consumer confidence index shows how people feel about the American economy. The index was set with a base in 1985 which represents the first year the index evaluated the consumer confidence in the economy. In May 2008 the index had a value of 57.2, while in October 1992 the index had a value of 54.6. Both these time period represent a position in time in which the country was facing recessionary forces. The value of the index states that people had more confidence in the economy in May 2008 than in October 1992. If the consumer index was 62.8 in April 2008, this would imply that the citizens of the United States suddenly lost major confidence in the state of the economy in a short period of time. There was a negative change of 5.6 in the index between April and May of

Consumer credit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Consumer credit - Research Paper Example Owing to the fact that there are potential challenges that may affect consumers while making transactions using consumer credits, various laws have been implemented to ensure that such challenges are prevented from occurring. In the United States, legal structures governing the use of consumer credits have been embodied in state as well as federal laws: Various states have passed regulatory frameworks that govern the use of consumer credits for instance; the application of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code that has been implemented in approximately 11 states. The main objective of this code is to protect consumers who intent to obtain credit cards for purposes of facilitating their transactions. Additionally, this code ensures that consumers are provided with enough credit and monitors the consumer credit sector as a whole. In the year 1968, the Consumer Credit Protection Act was passed by the United States Congress, with a purpose of regulatory the credit sector. This act stipulates that credit service providers have to describe the terms of providing credit to their consumers before they acquire their services. There are also other acts that have been provided in the United States not only for purposes of handling consumer credit issues, but also handling and managing issues that may affecting credit card holders in due course as well as issues affecting transactions involving debit cards. This research will specifically provide an overview of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code followed by a discussion of the statutes that have been used to manage consumer credit card issues, debit as well as holders in due

IFRS for Small & Medium Entities Literature review

IFRS for Small & Medium Entities - Literature review Example Primarily the objectives of IFRS for SMEs have been to support its accounting and financial reporting system as well as dramatically meet the basic financial requirements of these entities which does not have any public accountability and liability to publish financial statement for its external users (Laptes & Popa, 2009). Contextually, this paper critically evaluates the need of IFRS for SMEs and the challenges in adopting IFRS for SMEs. Aims Behind Applying IFRS For SMEs The primary aim of the IFRS for SMEs is to provide a standard for entities in nations that have no national GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). IFRS for SMEs shall not facilitate in providing accounting framework in certain specific countries for entities that do not have necessary the resources to adopt full IFRS. Another important aim of the application of IFRS is to provide those nations which have already set-up their own national GAAP with IFRS standards, a framework that shall recognise and understand the needs of accounting framework across the territories. In general, the application of IFRS in SMEs aims at providing financial statements and other financial reporting of profit-oriented entities. Accordingly, it is aimed that with the application of IFRS in SMEs shall be directed towards satisfying the common information requirements of an array of users such as shareholders, employees, creditors, and the public at large as well as facilitating single financial st andard for the preparation of financial reporting across the territories (The International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, 2009; Madawaki, 2012). In addition to above stated aims, there are certain specific aims that are often being considered while applying IFRS in SMEs. These supplementary aims include reduction of cost for SMEs for preparing financial statements, eliminating complexity and harmonizing financial reporting by SMEs particularly private entities operating across the globe (Aristidou, 2012). Thus, it can be argued that the aims and objectives behind the IFRS implementation in SMEs are indeed wholesome and appreciable both from economic as well as accounting perspectives. Benefits of IFRS for SMEs It has been argued that IFRS for SMEs are the self-contained set of principles that comprises the accounting standards based on the Full IFRS. Additionally, it has been admitted that SMEs applying IFRS will have the significant opportunity to prepare their financi al reporting statements using a set of reliable standards which is truly based on the global financial reporting language. This will further enable SMEs to expand themselves into a new global financial dimension (Samujh, 2007). Additionally, it will also pave the way for SMEs to expand globally and increase their capability to generate greater revenue. Precisely stating IFRS for SMEs are likely to provide following benefits: Understanding the Global Financial Reporting Language: SMEs in jurisdictions where IFRS were not being historically used by those SMEs who wish to apply IFRS will became familiar with the requirement of IFRS. Moreover, the application of IFRS by SMEs will facilitate in

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics Essay

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics Essay In Chapter one we set in motion the purpose for this research and explain to the reader the essence of quantifying the amount the household is willing to pay for abating malaria both in the present and in the future. In this chapter we go a step further by reviewing literature in this area. This chapter is important because it provides the reader with a sort of history into this area of research. It also gives the reader an opportunity to understand where our research stands vis-à  -vis other researches in this area. Obtaining a value for the marginal effect of malaria on farmers technical efficiency is one of the live wires on which precise estimates for our Willingness-To-Pay depend. We therefore want to start by reviewing literature in the area of efficiency measurement; afterwards, we will research into literature in the area of Willingness To Pay. Before we go ahead we highlight the purpose of measuring technical efficiency to the reader. Technical efficiency primarily enables one to understand the relationship between input used and the output (total harvested crop). It also enables us to measure the performance of individual farms in an industry as well as provide an index for the average performance of the overall industry. This then leads us to propose policy recommendations that could help shift the production frontier- the maximum attainable harvest from each input- of the farm closer to the industry frontier at the prevailing technology. As we progress in this research the reader will further appreciate this concept and the reason why it is one of the most talked about concepts in development/resource economics. At the moment, our aim is to examine some literature that relates to our area of research. We therefore start Section 2.1 by reviewing literature relating to the poor but efficient hypothesis of Schultz (1964). Section 2.2 reviews some agriculture-based literature on efficiency and health. In doing this we divide the study on inefficiency into two; the Frequentist (Section 2.2.1) and the Bayesian (Section 2.2.2) studies. Using another method of classification, we classify the study of efficiency into single output studies (Section 2.2.3) and multiple output studies (Section 2.2.4). This puts us in good standing to review literature on Willingness-To-Pay in Section 2.4. Productivity/Efficiency Studies in Agriculture The Poor but Efficient Hypothesis The huge volume of research on efficiency in agriculture draws motivation from Schultz (1964) book Transforming Traditional Agriculture. In the book he explains why rural farmers are efficient in the management and allocation of resources. He advances a hypothesis popularly called the poor but efficient hypothesis. Researchers try to verify this hypothesis quantitatively; in doing this, a lot of issues come to the fore, part of which is; the best way to measure productivity. Before the advent of the deterministic measure of productivity pioneered by Aigner and Chu (1968), and, Afriat (1972) researchers attempt to measure efficiency. Of great importance to us in this area are the works of Welsch (1965), Chennareddy (1967) and Lipton (1968) because they specifically test the validity of Schultzs poor but efficient hypothesis. Chennareddy (1967) utilizes the linear regression analysis on a data of one hundred and four rice and tobacco farmers in South India using a Cobb-Douglas production function. His findings were in accord with Schultz hypothesis. He recommends that South Indian farmers should adopt modern technology and extension education in order to move to a higher frontier. Lipton (1986)  [1]  disagrees with this recommendation. He argues that if Schultzs findings are correct then the rural farmers do not need any expert advice to improve their productivity in other words moving to a higher frontier should not be a problem for them. He further queries Schultzs assertion believing that it only works under a neo-classical theory of perfect competition; he affirms that if Schultz uses linear programming to analyse his data his findings would show that the rural farmer is inefficient. Welsch (1965) in his study on Abakaliki rice in Eastern Nigeria makes use of the linear regression to affirm that peasant farmers respond to economic inducement by allocating efficiently among several resources at their disposal. Hence, he supports Schultzs hypothesis. One thing we want the reader to note in the above groups of literature is; the writers who concur with Schultzs assertion use parametric techniques to arrive at their conclusion while Lipton (1968) employs a non-parametric linear programming technique that assumes at least one factor is not fully employed. Just as the argument is about to cease, Sauer and Mendoza-Escalante (2007) involve themselves in it. Their work serves to reconcile these diametrically opposing schools of thought. It puts to use a parametric normalized generalized Leontief (GL) profit function technique to analyse joint production of Cassava flour and maize by small-scale farmers in Brazil. The small-scale farmers are allocatively efficient, they assert, but they show considerable inefficiency in the scale of operation. At this juncture, we remind the reader that our digression is intentional. Our aim is to show how Schultzs assertion has brought an upsurge in the number of efficiency studies in agriculture with special focus on the developing economies of the world. We like to say that the work not only instigates research in development/resource economics but it also prompts research in anthropology and sociology (see Adams, 1986 and the review by Michelena, 1965 pp. 540-541). Proper measure of productivity starts with Aigner and Chu (1968), Afriat (1972) and Richmond (1974) where they propose a deterministic method of frontier measurement. Though their studies are obsolete they however underscore the popularity of the Cobb-Douglas functional form in the early literature to show the relationship between input and output. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977), Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977), and, Battese and Corra (1977)  [2]  introduce the modern stochastic frontier analysis as we know it today simultaneously. Their model apart from incorporating the efficiency term into the deterministic model it also includes the effect of random shock, hence, the name stochastic. Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) also introduce a dual profit function model to measure efficiency but their method is not as popular in production analysis because it only yields efficiency measures for a group of farms while the frontier method gives efficiency values for individual farms in the industry (Fà ¸rsund et al 1980). The reader should note that the linear regressions of Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) give the shape of the technology of an average farm in the industry while the stochastic frontier model gives the shape of the technology of the most productive farm in the industry against which the efficiency of every other farm is measured (Coelli 1995). In other words, Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) use an average response model for their analysis. The specification of a functional form and/or distributional assumption confers on a technique the nomenclature parametric while the non-specification of a functional/distributional form confers on a technique the non-parametric nomenclature. The non-parametric nomenclature means, in the words of Koop (2003), you are letting the data speak. This he says is very difficult to achieve as even in the non-parametric system, just like in the parametric, one need to impose certain structure on a particular problem in order to achieve ones objectives. The use of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) (another technique is the Free Disposal Hull, FDH) overshadows every other technique in the non-parametric class. Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) introduce this technique and gave it the name as we know it today. The data envelopment analysis technique uses the linear programming method to generate a piece-wise envelop over the data points. The technique is widely used in technical efficiency studies but it has the shortcoming of not incorporating randomness in measuring efficiency. Also, the envelop curve is not everywhere differentiable. Our focus in this research is the parametric technique. The parametric technique has progressed so much in the literature that there are now two different econometric schools of thought for estimating efficiency. The first school of thought are the Frequentists who dominate this field since its inception and the second school of thought are the Bayesians into which our research belongs. The Frequentist Studies The first set of Frequentist study is deterministic in nature and use the technological structure of the mathematical programming approach (see Aigner and Chu, 1968; Timmer, 1971; and, Fà ¸rsund and Hjalmarsson, 1979 for exposition on mathematical/goal programming). Richmond (1974) introduces the Modified Ordinary Least Square (MOLS) approach to analyse the efficiency of Norwegian manufacturing industries specifying a Cobb-Douglas production function. Richmond (1974) is a modification of the Corrected Ordinary Least Squares (COLS) approach. Winsten (1957) introduces this model by assuming a distribution (such as half normal or exponential) for the disturbance term. The Corrected Ordinary Least Square technique involves a two step process. The first step involves the use of the Ordinary Least Squares to obtain consistent and unbias estimates of the marginal effect parameters; on the contrary, the intercept parameters are consistent but bias. The second step involves the shifting of t he intercept upwards so the frontier envelops the data from above. Greene (1980) takes Richmond (1974) work a step further as he assumes a gamma distribution for the random error term using the maximum likelihood approach. He uses the data from Nerlove (1963) which is a sample of one hundred and fifty five firms producing electricity in the United States in 1955. Apart from replicating the results of Aigner and Chu (1963), Greene (1980) tries to explain the statistical relevance of his model. The reader should note that Greene (1980)s model is deterministic. One of the early applications of the deterministic frontier were Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977), Shapiro (1983), Belbase and Grabowski (1985). Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977) attempt to estimate the technical efficiency of forty farms in Geita district of Tanzania. They follow Timmer (1971) method of analysing technical efficiency by applying the linear programming to a Cobb Douglas production frontier. Their result which is similar to that of Chennareddy (1967) shows that the traditional farmer can improve his technical efficiency by adopting modern farming practices through easy access to information. This, they say, will be at the expense of non-economic costs like the farmer being branded unsociable by his community. Shapiro (1983) working in the same district as Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977) tries to confirm the poor but efficiency hypothesis but discovers the hypothesis may not be applicable in terms of peasant agriculture in Tanzania because their output could still be increased if all farmers had the same efficiency as the most efficient farmer in the sample. These assertions echo the conclusion of Lipton (1968). He uses the same model and method of analyses as Shapiro and Mà ¼ller (1977). Belbase and Grabowski (1985) introduce a technique that is different from the other two stated above. They apply the Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS) approach of Winsten (1957) on cross-sectional sample of farms in Nuwakot district of Nepal. They record an average technical efficiency value of 80% for joint production of rice, maize, millet and wheat. The average technical efficiency value for individual frontier calculation for rice and maize is given as 84% and 67% in that order. They find correlation between technical efficiency and other variables which are nutritional level, income and education. Technical efficiency is however not correlated with farming experience. Some studies investigate the impact of certain agricultural policies on productivity. A priori one expects these policies to actually increase productivity but this is not always the case. One of such study; Taylor, Drummond and Gomes (1986) use a deterministic production function and discover the World Bank sponsored credit programme PRODEMATA did not impact positively on the technical efficiency of farmers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Their result shows that there is no difference between the technical efficiency of farmers who participate in the programme and those that did not participate. This paper is one of the few that compare both the results of the Corrected Ordinary Least Square and the maximum likelihood approaches. Unexpectedly, the participant farmers in the PRODEMATA programmes have slightly lesser allocative efficiency than non-participant farmers. The researchers also favour Schultzs hypothesis. We want the reader to note that the deterministic frontier is still popular in the literature for example, Alvarez and Arias (2004) use Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) dual profit function model to measure the effect of technical efficiency on farm size using data from one hundred and ninety-six dairy farms in Northern Spain. They introduce technical efficiency as a parameter to estimate in a simple production function. They observe a positive relationship between technical efficiency and farm size after they control for output prices, input prices and quasi-fixed inputs. Also Amara et al (1999) use the deterministic frontier to discover the relationship between technical efficiency and the adoption of conservation technologies by potato farmers in Quebec. They found that farming experience and the adoption of conservation technologies have positive influence on technical efficiency. Croppenstedt and Demeke (1997) use a fixed-random coefficients regression to analyse data for small-scale farmers growing cereal in Ethiopia. They observe that land size is a major constraint to crop production and large farms are relatively less productive than small farms other things being equal. They note that most of the farms are inefficient. They also observe inefficiency in the use of inputs especially labour and fertiliser. Share cropping is positively correlated to technical efficiency. Karagiannis et al (2002) propose an alternative for separating technical change form time varying technical inefficiency. Their proposition uses the general formulation index to model technical change (Karagiannis et al 2002 cites Baltagi and Griffin 1988). They also model technical change as quadratic function of time. Their proposition does not assume any distributional assumption for the one sided stochastic error term. They then apply their proposition to the United Kingdom dairy sector from 1982 to 1992 using a translog production frontier. They obtain a mean technical efficiency value of about seventy-eight per cent for the dairy industry with this period. One major disadvantage of the deterministic frontier model is that it over-values our inefficiency estimates. For example, Taylor and Shonkwiler (1986) discover the deterministic frontier gives over seventy per cent inefficiency while the stochastic frontier gives twenty per cent value for inefficiency. At present, a lot of papers utilize the stochastic frontier model in their analysis. Coelli et al (2003) makes use of the stochastic frontier to calculate the total factor productivity for a panel data of crop agriculture in Bangladesh. The data contains thirty-one observations collected between 1960/61 and 1991/92 from 16 regions and the result reveals technical change is convex in nature with increase starting about the time of the introduction of the green revolution varieties in the 1970s. Technical efficiency reduces at an annual rate of 0.47 per cent during the period they investigate. This has an effect on the total factor productivity which declines at the rate of 0.23 per cent per annum with the rate of reduction increasing in later years. This, they say, raises questions of food security and increase in agricultural productivity in Bangladesh. They point out the non-use of price data in their analysis which makes their work different from other authors (Coelli et al; 2003 c ites Pray and Ahmed, 1991, and, Dey and Evenson, 1991). Wadud and White (2000) compare the stochastic frontier approach with the data envelopment analysis and discover both methods indicate efficiency is significantly affected by irrigation and environmental degradation. There are a few papers that attempt to analyse technical, allocative and economic efficiencies at once in a single research. Bravo-Ureta and Pinheiro (1997) carry out a frontier analysis using the self-dual Cobb-Douglas production function to analyse farm data from Dominican Republic. They justify the use of the Cobb Douglas production function because the method they adopt requires both the use of the production and cost frontiers. Their research is important because they use the maximum likelihood technique to emphasize the essence of not only estimating the technical efficiency but also, the allocative and economic efficiency. Another paper that follows in this light is that of Bravo-Ureta (1994) who attempts to measure the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of cotton and cassava farmers in eastern Paraguay. He estimates economic efficiency for cotton and cassava farmers to be around forty per cent and fifty-two per cent respectively. There could be spatial differences in the technical efficiencies of different farms based on ecological differences, farm size and interactions between these two variables. Tadesse and Krishnamoorthy (1997) set out to investigate this in their research on paddy rice farmers in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. They remark that the farmers still have opportunity of increasing their efficiency by seventeen per cent. They observe significant variation in the variation of mean technical efficiency in the four zones that make up Tamil Nadu. They use a two stage approach where the first task is to obtain farm-specific technical efficiency and then use a Tobit model to compare the differences in the technical efficiencies of each region and zone. Wang and Schmidt (2002) note a bias in the results obtained by this process and they went ahead to use the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to prove that there is serious bias at every stage of the procedure. Chen et al (2009) also examine the technical efficiency of farms in four regions of China. The four regions are North, North-East, East and South-West. They observe that different inputs need to be put to efficient use in the different regions. For example, inefficient use of industrial input is the main problem in the East while in the North it is capital. They assert that farms in the North and North-East are relatively more efficient than farms in the East and South-West. They recommend a change in the land tenure system to eliminate land fragmentation in China. Other researchers have used the stochastic production frontiers to investigate the impact of government programmes on farmers efficiency. For example, Seyoum et al (1998) use the Battese and Coelli (1995) stochastic production function to compare between farmers that participate in Sasakawa-Global 2000 project and those who do not in Ethiopia. They collect twenty samples from two different districts (Keresa and Kombolcha) of eastern Ethiopia and show the difference in the levels of production in these two districts by use of a dummy for one district. The data is panel in nature which justifies their use of the Battese and Coelli (1995) model. Battese and Coelli (1995)  [3]  is a panel data extension of the Kumbhakar et al (1991) research work. Seyoum et al (1998) recommend that policy makers should expand the Sasakawa-Global 2000 project as farmers who participated have better output, productivity and efficiency than farmers that did not. Still on the impact of government programmes on efficiency, Abdulai and Huffman (2000) look at the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme on the efficiency of rice farmers in Northern Ghana using a stochastic profit function. Their results show rice producers in the region are highly responsive to market prices for rice and inputs. They support the introduction of the structural adjustment programme because it makes the farmers more market oriented. Also, Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) find the Cobb-Douglas production function as being adequate to represent the efficiency of Nigerias National Directorate of Employment Farmers Scheme. They reject the half-normal distribution assumption for the inefficiency term. Ajibefun (2002) simulates the impact of policy variables on the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers in Nigeria. He discovers that increase in education level and the farming experience would significantly improve the small-scale farmers technical efficiency. Ama za and Olayemi (2002) investigate the technical efficiency of food crop farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria and arrive at similar mean technical efficiency as Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999). However, the difference between the minimum and maximum technical efficiency score for Amaza and Olayemi (2002) is seventy-six per cent while for Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) is about sixty-six per cent. Jara-Rojas et al (2012) look at the impact of the adoption of soil and water conservation practices on productivity and they discover a positive relation between soil and water conservation and technical efficiency. They discover that an enhancement of the technical efficiency also improves the net returns on investment. The use of the stochastic frontier model to estimate the effect of health on farmers efficiency is also very important in the literature. Croppenstedt and Mà ¼ller (2000) take up this challenge when they research into the role of the Ethiopian farmers health and nutritional status on their productivity and efficiency. They find that distance to the source of water as well as nutrition and morbidity affect agricultural productivity. Surprisingly, elasticities of labour productivity regarding their nutritional status are strong. They further affirm that this strong correlation continues with technology estimates and wage equations. However, they record considerable loss in production due to technical inefficiency even after accounting for health and nutrition of workers. Ajani and Ugwu (2008) look at the impact of adverse health on the productivity of farmers living in the Kainji basin of North-Central Nigeria. Their study shows the health variable as being positive, large and statistically significant. They therefore conclude that health capital is an essential input in agriculture. A paper that successfully combined the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis and an econometric model is Audibert et al (2003). They use a combination of the data envelopment analysis and the Tobit model to infer on the social and health determinants of the efficiency of cotton farmers in Northern Cà ´te dIvoire. They use the high density of the malaria parasite in the blood of an individual as a proxy for the health of the household. They use a two step process; firstly, they use the data envelopment analysis to arrive at relative technical efficiency values and then they regress this efficiency scores against factors they think will affect efficiency. The high density of malaria parasite in the blood variable enters the model at the second stage. Their results show that malaria greatly reduces farmers technical efficiency. They further conclude that it is intensity of infection by the disease that is important rather than its presence. Our research collects data on the prevalence of the disease in an area rather than just hospital reported cases; this we believe will give further credence to our results. Ajani and Ashagidigbi (2008) use numbers of days of incapacitation as a proxy for malaria incidence in Oyo State, Nigeria. Surprisingly, they ran a normal linear regression to investigate the effects of malaria on agricultural productivity. Their analysis shows that age and days of incapacitation are insignificant statistically. Olarinde et al (2008) explore the factors that affect bee keepers technical efficiency in Oyo state, Nigeria. They observe that the bee keepers are efficient by about eighty-five per cent there is still room for to increase their efficiency by fifteen per cent. They point out that some of the farmers do not take bee-keeping as their main occupation. This, they say, is a major determinant of efficiency. Marital status is also another variable that affects technical efficiency, they note. They observe that a farmer who is single is likely to be more efficient than a married farmer. Mochebelele and Winter-Nelson (2000) examine the effect of migratory labour (to mine fields in South Africa) on farm technical efficiency. They try to establish if migrant labour actually complement farm production or not. They establish that households with migrant farmers have higher production and are more efficient than households without migrant farmers. In the use of the panel data for efficiency estimation, some researchers try to see if differences exist in efficiency values between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontiers. Ahmad and Bravo-Ureta (1996) use panel data of ninety-six Vermont dairy farms between the periods 1971 to 1984. They carry out statistical tests to investigate the better model between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontier model. The fixed effect model gave better results than the stochastic frontier model. Hence, they conclude that the fixed effect model needs to be considered in panel data analysis. Reinhard et al (1999) estimate the technical and environmental efficiency of a panel of dairy farms. They assume the production of two outputs dairy and excessive use of Nitrogen. They analyse their efficiencies separately. Their objective involves investigating whether farmers can both be technically and environmentally efficient. They also examine the compatibility of these two types of efficiencies. They obtain a mean output-technical efficiency of 0.894 while the input-oriented environment efficiency is 0.441. They remark that intensive dairy farming is both technically and environmentally more efficient than extensive dairy farming. Reinhard et al (2000) examine comprehensive environmental efficiency in Dutch dairy farms. This paper is a continuation of Reinhard et al (1999) paper. In this paper, apart from surplus Nitrogen which they use in their earlier work, they also investigate excess use of phosphate and total energy use of these farms. They compare efficiency scores in the stochastic frontier analysis with the data envelopment analysis. The mean technical efficiency values for the two methods of analysis are different. The stochastic frontier has an output technical efficiency value of eighty-nine per cent while the data envelopment analysis has an efficiency value of seven-eight per cent. There is significant difference between their environmental efficiencies also. The stochastic frontier analysis records a value of eighty per cent while the data envelopment analysis records a value of fifty-two per cent. It is evident from the result of the two efficiencies that the stochastic frontier method over-valu es efficiency scores. Before we close this section we refer the reader to a work by Strauss (1986). The work is important because it attempts to investigate the effect of nutrition on farm labour productivity in Sierra Leone. He uses an average response model to capture this effect. He estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function which accounts for simultaneity in input and calorie choice. His exercise shows calorie intake has significant impact on labour productivity. He, however, places a caveat on this result because individual-level nutrient and anthropometric data are not included in the analysis. His result supports the nutrition productivity hypothesis to a great extent. In the last few pages we attempt to explain to the reader the preponderance of the Frequentist method of analysing the stochastic frontier especially in agriculture. We emphasize the diverse uses of the parametric method of efficiency measurement in agriculture. We believe that other literature in agriculture will fall into one of the categories we peruse above. Next, we take a look at the Bayesian econometrist view. The reader should note how few the literature is compared to the Frequentist method. Also, for a thorough perusal of the literature from the Frequentist perspective we refer the reader to Bravo-Ureta et al (2007) Delete. The Bayesian Studies The works of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994); Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994, 1997); Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1992), and, Fernà ¡ndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) herald the Bayesian technique for estimating the compose-error model. van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) is a primer for estimating a Bayesian cross-sectional composed-error data. They resolve the problem of choosing the best functional form experienced in classical econometrics by mixing over a number of distributions. They use the Bayesian model averaging to average over the results of the Jondrow et al. (1982) and Greene (1990). In other words van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) solve the problem of choosing the better distribution between the two. They also carry out predictive inference on their results using the Monte Carlo technique of importance sampling. In continuation of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) work; Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) show how to use the Gibbs sampling Monte Carlo method to arrive at estimates for the stochastic cost frontier model. They fit an asymptotically ideal price aggregator, non-constant returns to scale composed error cost frontier. They use Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe (1991) method for generating the asymptotically ideal price aggregator (Koop, Osielwalski and Steel, 1994 cite Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe 1999). They caution that care should be taken in the choice of functional form for frontier analysis. We believe the use of the Bayesian model Averaging technique should circumvent this problem. Also, they discover that imposing regularity condition on the price aggregator is found to reduce the spread of the Mà ¼ntz- Szatz expansion. Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1995) essentially show how to draw the different parameters in the composed-error model using the Gibbs sampler. They provide an algorithm to draw the different parameters of choice in the composed-error model. They show the ease with which this can be done using the Gibbs sampler. They also note the use of 0.875 as an informative prior for the inefficiency value. van den Broeck, Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) propose this value. Fernà ¡ndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) introduce the Bayesian method for estimating panel data using a class of non- or partly-informative prior. They assert that using this type of priors for a cross-sectional data will make its posterior inference unreliable and inaccurate. This is because the total number of parameters in the entire model is larger than the sample size. They circumvent this problem in the panel data where the researcher can impose a structure on the inefficiency terms. Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1997) take Fernà ¡ndez et al (1997)